Add test deprecated component for validation

Co-authored-by: clydebarrow <2366188+clydebarrow@users.noreply.github.com>

esphome/components/test_deprecated_example/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+"""Test deprecated component for validation."""
+
+CODEOWNERS = ["@test"]
+DEPRECATED_COMPONENT = "This component is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the newer_component instead."
+
+# Component is still functional but deprecated

esphome/components/test_deprecated_example/sensor.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Test sensor platform for deprecated component."""
+import esphome.config_validation as cv
+
+# This is a simple placeholder - component still works
+CONFIG_SCHEMA = cv.Schema({})