@c
@c  COPYRIGHT (c) 1988-1998.
@c  On-Line Applications Research Corporation (OAR).
@c  All rights reserved.
@c
@c  $Id$
@c

@chapter Interrupt Manager

@section Introduction

Any real-time executive must provide a mechanism for
quick response to externally generated interrupts to satisfy the
critical time constraints of the application.  The interrupt
manager provides this mechanism for RTEMS.  This manager permits
quick interrupt response times by providing the critical ability
to alter task execution which allows a task to be preempted upon
exit from an ISR.  The interrupt manager includes the following
directive:

@itemize @bullet
@item @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_catch} - Establish an ISR
@item @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_disable} - Disable Interrupts
@item @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_enable} - Enable Interrupts
@item @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_flash} - Flash Interrupt
@item @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_is_in_progress} - Is an ISR in Progress
@end itemize

@section Background

@subsection Processing an Interrupt

The interrupt manager allows the application to
connect a function to a hardware interrupt vector.  When an
interrupt occurs, the processor will automatically vector to
RTEMS.  RTEMS saves and restores all registers which are not
preserved by the normal @value{LANGUAGE} calling convention
for the target
processor and invokes the user's ISR.  The user's ISR is
responsible for processing the interrupt, clearing the interrupt
if necessary, and device specific manipulation.

The @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_catch}
directive connects a procedure to
an interrupt vector.  The interrupt service routine is assumed
to abide by these conventions and have a prototype similar to
the following:

@ifset is-C
@example
rtems_isr user_isr(
  rtems_vector_number vector
);
@end example
@end ifset

@ifset is-Ada
@example
procedure User_ISR (
  vector : in     RTEMS.Vector_Number
);
@end example
@end ifset

The vector number argument is provided by RTEMS to
allow the application to identify the interrupt source.  This
could be used to allow a single routine to service interrupts
from multiple instances of the same device.  For example, a
single routine could service interrupts from multiple serial
ports and use the vector number to identify which port requires
servicing.

To minimize the masking of lower or equal priority
level interrupts, the ISR should perform the minimum actions
required to service the interrupt.  Other non-essential actions
should be handled by application tasks.  Once the user's ISR has
completed, it returns control to the RTEMS interrupt manager
which will perform task dispatching and restore the registers
saved before the ISR was invoked.

The RTEMS interrupt manager guarantees that proper
task scheduling and dispatching are performed at the conclusion
of an ISR.  A system call made by the ISR may have readied a
task of higher priority than the interrupted task.  Therefore,
when the ISR completes, the postponed dispatch processing must
be performed.  No dispatch processing is performed as part of
directives which have been invoked by an ISR.

Applications must adhere to the following rule if
proper task scheduling and dispatching is to be performed:

@itemize @b{ }

@item @b{The interrupt manager must be used for all ISRs which
may be interrupted by the highest priority ISR which invokes an
RTEMS directive.}

@end itemize


Consider a processor which allows a numerically low
interrupt level to interrupt a numerically greater interrupt
level.  In this example, if an RTEMS directive is used in a
level 4 ISR, then all ISRs which execute at levels 0 through 4
must use the interrupt manager.

Interrupts are nested whenever an interrupt occurs
during the execution of another ISR.  RTEMS supports efficient
interrupt nesting by allowing the nested ISRs to terminate
without performing any dispatch processing.  Only when the
outermost ISR terminates will the postponed dispatching occur.

@subsection RTEMS Interrupt Levels

Many processors support multiple interrupt levels or
priorities.  The exact number of interrupt levels is processor
dependent.  RTEMS internally supports 256 interrupt levels which
are mapped to the processor's interrupt levels.  For specific
information on the mapping between RTEMS and the target
processor's interrupt levels, refer to the Interrupt Processing
chapter of the Applications Supplement document for a specific
target processor.

@subsection Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS

During the execution of directive calls, critical
sections of code may be executed.  When these sections are
encountered, RTEMS disables all maskable interrupts before the
execution of the section and restores them to the previous level
upon completion of the section.  RTEMS has been optimized to
insure that interrupts are disabled for a minimum length of
time.  The maximum length of time interrupts are disabled by
RTEMS is processor dependent and is detailed in the Timing
Specification chapter of the Applications Supplement document
for a specific target processor.

Non-maskable interrupts (NMI) cannot be disabled, and
ISRs which execute at this level MUST NEVER issue RTEMS system
calls.  If a directive is invoked, unpredictable results may
occur due to the inability of RTEMS to protect its critical
sections.  However, ISRs that make no system calls may safely
execute as non-maskable interrupts.

@section Operations

@subsection Establishing an ISR

The @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_catch}
directive establishes an ISR for
the system.  The address of the ISR and its associated CPU
vector number are specified to this directive.  This directive
installs the RTEMS interrupt wrapper in the processor's
Interrupt Vector Table and the address of the user's ISR in the
RTEMS' Vector Table.  This directive returns the previous
contents of the specified vector in the RTEMS' Vector Table.

@subsection Directives Allowed from an ISR

Using the interrupt manager insures that RTEMS knows
when a directive is being called from an ISR.  The ISR may then
use system calls to synchronize itself with an application task.
The synchronization may involve messages, events or signals
being passed by the ISR to the desired task.  Directives invoked
by an ISR must operate only on objects which reside on the local
node.  The following is a list of RTEMS system calls that may be
made from an ISR:

@itemize @bullet
@item Task Management

@itemize -
@item task_get_note, task_set_note, task_suspend, task_resume
@end itemize

@item Clock Management

@itemize -
@item clock_get, clock_tick
@end itemize

@item Message, Event, and Signal Management

@itemize -
@item message_queue_send, message_queue_urgent
@item event_send
@item signal_send
@end itemize

@item Semaphore Management

@itemize -
@item semaphore_release
@end itemize

@item Dual-Ported Memory Management

@itemize -
@item port_external_to_internal, port_internal_to_external
@end itemize

@item IO Management

@itemize -
@item io_initialize, io_open, io_close, io_read, io_write, io_control
@end itemize

@item Fatal Error Management

@itemize -
@item fatal_error_occurred
@end itemize

@item Multiprocessing

@itemize -
@item multiprocessing_announce
@end itemize
@end itemize

@section Directives

This section details the interrupt manager's
directives.  A subsection is dedicated to each of this manager's
directives and describes the calling sequence, related
constants, usage, and status codes.

@page
@subsection INTERRUPT_CATCH - Establish an ISR

@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:

@ifset is-C
@c @findex rtems_interrupt_catch
@example
rtems_status_code rtems_interrupt_catch(
  rtems_isr_entry      new_isr_handler,
  rtems_vector_number  vector,
  rtems_isr_entry     *old_isr_handler
);
@end example
@end ifset

@ifset is-Ada
@example
procedure Interrupt_Catch (
   New_ISR_handler : in     RTEMS.Address;
   Vector          : in     RTEMS.Vector_Number;
   Old_ISR_Handler :    out RTEMS.Address;
   Result          :    out RTEMS.Status_Codes
);
@end example
@end ifset

@subheading DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:
@code{@value{RPREFIX}SUCCESSFUL} - ISR established successfully@*
@code{@value{RPREFIX}INVALID_NUMBER} - illegal vector number@*
@code{@value{RPREFIX}INVALID_ADDRESS} - illegal ISR entry point or invalid old_isr_handler

@subheading DESCRIPTION:

This directive establishes an interrupt service
routine (ISR) for the specified interrupt vector number.  The
@code{new_isr_handler} parameter specifies the entry point of the ISR.
The entry point of the previous ISR for the specified vector is
returned in @code{old_isr_handler}.

@subheading NOTES:

This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.

@page
@subsection INTERRUPT_DISABLE - Disable Interrupts

@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:

@ifset is-C
@c @findex rtems_interrupt_disable
@example
void rtems_interrupt_disable(
  rtems_isr_level  level
);
@end example
@end ifset

@ifset is-Ada
@example
function Interrupt_Disable
return RTEMS.ISR_Level;
@end example
@end ifset

@subheading DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:

NONE

@subheading DESCRIPTION:

This directive disables all maskable interrupts and returns
the previous @code{level}.  A later invocation of the
@code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_enable} directive should be used to
restore the interrupt level.

@subheading NOTES:

This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.

@ifset is-C
@b{This directive is implemented as a macro which modifies the @code{level}
parameter.}
@end ifset

@page
@subsection INTERRUPT_ENABLE - Enable Interrupts

@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:

@ifset is-C
@c @findex rtems_interrupt_enable
@example
void rtems_interrupt_enable(
  rtems_isr_level  level
);
@end example
@end ifset

@ifset is-Ada
@example 
procedure Interrupt_Enable (
   Level : in     RTEMS.ISR_Level
);
@end example
@end ifset

@subheading DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:

NONE

@subheading DESCRIPTION:

This directive enables maskable interrupts to the @code{level}
which was returned by a previous call to
@code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_disable}.
Immediately prior to invoking this directive, maskable interrupts should
be disabled by a call to @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_disable}
and will be enabled when this directive returns to the caller.

@subheading NOTES:

This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.


@page
@subsection INTERRUPT_FLASH - Flash Interrupts

@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:

@ifset is-C 
@c @findex rtems_interrupt_flash
@example
void rtems_interrupt_flash(
  rtems_isr_level level
);
@end example
@end ifset

@ifset is-Ada
@example
procedure Interrupt_Flash (
   Level : in     RTEMS.ISR_Level
);
@end example
@end ifset

@subheading DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:

NONE

@subheading DESCRIPTION:

This directive temporarily enables maskable interrupts to the @code{level}
which was returned by a previous call to
@code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_disable}.  
Immediately prior to invoking this directive, maskable interrupts should
be disabled by a call to @code{@value{DIRPREFIX}interrupt_disable}
and will be redisabled when this directive returns to the caller.

@subheading NOTES:

This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.

@page
@subsection INTERRUPT_IS_IN_PROGRESS - Is an ISR in Progress

@subheading CALLING SEQUENCE:

@ifset is-C
@c @findex rtems_interrupt_is_in_progress
@example
rtems_boolean rtems_interrupt_is_in_progress( void );
@end example
@end ifset

@ifset is-Ada
@example
function Interrupt_Is_In_Progress
return RTEMS.Boolean;
@end example
@end ifset

@subheading DIRECTIVE STATUS CODES:

NONE

@subheading DESCRIPTION:

This directive returns @code{TRUE} if the processor is currently
servicing an interrupt and @code{FALSE} otherwise.  A return value
of @code{TRUE} indicates that the caller is an interrupt service
routine, @b{NOT} a task.  The directives available to an interrupt
service routine are restricted.

@subheading NOTES:

This directive will not cause the calling task to be preempted.

