diff --git a/study/kernel/01-process/03-execute/1.cpp b/study/kernel/01-process/03-execute/1.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daa4115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/study/kernel/01-process/03-execute/1.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+chrome--1331|chrome-goagent-1252|chrome-xxnet|gatieme|able-armor-125209
+gatieme@gmail.com
+arteqpyjtpeugaii
+
+
+static int load_elf_binary(struct linux_binprm *bprm)
+{   
+
+    struct file *interpreter = NULL; /* to shut gcc up */
+    unsigned long load_addr = 0, load_bias = 0;
+    int load_addr_set = 0;
+    char * elf_interpreter = NULL;
+    unsigned long error;
+    struct elf_phdr *elf_ppnt, *elf_phdata, *interp_elf_phdata = NULL;
+    unsigned long elf_bss, elf_brk;
+    int retval, i;
+    unsigned long elf_entry;
+    unsigned long interp_load_addr = 0;
+    unsigned long start_code, end_code, start_data, end_data;
+    unsigned long reloc_func_desc __maybe_unused = 0;
+    int executable_stack = EXSTACK_DEFAULT;
+
+    /*  从寄存器重获取参数信息  */
+    struct pt_regs *regs = current_pt_regs();
+    struct {
+        struct elfhdr elf_ex;
+        struct elfhdr interp_elf_ex;
+    } *loc;
+    struct arch_elf_state arch_state = INIT_ARCH_ELF_STATE;
+
+    loc = kmalloc(sizeof(*loc), GFP_KERNEL);
+    if (!loc) {
+        retval = -ENOMEM;
+        goto out_ret;
+    }
+    
+    /* Get the exec-header
+       在load_elf_binary之前
+       内核已经使用映像文件的前128个字节对bprm->buf进行了填充, 
+       这里使用这此信息填充映像的文件头
+     */
+    loc->elf_ex = *((struct elfhdr *)bprm->buf);
+
+    retval = -ENOEXEC;
+    /* 
+        First of all, some simple consistency checks 
+       比较文件头的前四个字节，查看是否是ELF文件类型定义的“\177ELF”*/
+    if (memcmp(loc->elf_ex.e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG) != 0)
+        goto out;
+    /*  
+        除前4个字符以外，还要看映像的类型是否ET_EXEC和ET_DYN之一；前者表示可执行映像，后者表示共享库
+    */
+    if (loc->elf_ex.e_type != ET_EXEC && loc->elf_ex.e_type != ET_DYN)
+        goto out;
+    
+    /*  检查特定的目标机器标识  */
+    if (!elf_check_arch(&loc->elf_ex))
+        goto out;
+    if (!bprm->file->f_op->mmap)
+        goto out;
+    /* 
+        load_elf_phdrs函数就是通过kernel_read读入整个program header table。从函数代码中可以看到，一个可执行程序必须至少有一个段（segment），而所有段的大小之和不能超过64K。
+*/
+    elf_phdata = load_elf_phdrs(&loc->elf_ex, bprm->file);
+    if (!elf_phdata)
+        goto out;
+
+    elf_ppnt = elf_phdata;
+    elf_bss = 0;
+    elf_brk = 0;
+
+    start_code = ~0UL;
+    end_code = 0;
+    start_data = 0;
+    end_data = 0;
+    /*
+    
+     这个for循环的目的在于寻找和处理目标映像的“解释器”段。“解释器”段的类型为PT_INTERP，找到后就根据其位置的p_offset和大小p_filesz把整个“解释器”段的内容读入缓冲区。“解释器”段实际上只是一个字符串，即解释器的文件名，如“/lib/ld-linux.so.2”。有了解释器的文件名以后，就通过open_exec()打开这个文件，再通过kernel_read()读入其开关128个字节（695~696），即解释器映像的头部。我们以Hello World程序为例，看一下这段中具体的内容：*/
+    for (i = 0; i < loc->elf_ex.e_phnum; i++) {
+        if (elf_ppnt->p_type == PT_INTERP) {
+            /* This is the program interpreter used for
+             * shared libraries - for now assume that this
+             * is an a.out format binary
+             */
+            retval = -ENOEXEC;
+            if (elf_ppnt->p_filesz > PATH_MAX || 
+                elf_ppnt->p_filesz < 2)
+                goto out_free_ph;
+
+            retval = -ENOMEM;
+            elf_interpreter = kmalloc(elf_ppnt->p_filesz,
+                          GFP_KERNEL);
+            if (!elf_interpreter)
+                goto out_free_ph;
+
+            /*  根据其位置的p_offset和大小p_filesz把整个“解释器”段的内容读入缓冲区  */
+            retval = kernel_read(bprm->file, elf_ppnt->p_offset,
+                         elf_interpreter,
+                         elf_ppnt->p_filesz);
+            if (retval != elf_ppnt->p_filesz) {
+                if (retval >= 0)
+                    retval = -EIO;
+                goto out_free_interp;
+            }
+            /* make sure path is NULL terminated */
+            retval = -ENOEXEC;
+            if (elf_interpreter[elf_ppnt->p_filesz - 1] != '\0')
+                goto out_free_interp;
+            /*  通过open_exec()打开解释器文件 */
+            interpreter = open_exec(elf_interpreter);
+            retval = PTR_ERR(interpreter);
+            if (IS_ERR(interpreter))
+                goto out_free_interp;
+
+            /*
+             * If the binary is not readable then enforce
+             * mm->dumpable = 0 regardless of the interpreter's
+             * permissions.
+             */
+            would_dump(bprm, interpreter);
+
+            /* Get the exec headers 
+               通过kernel_read()读入解释器的前128个字节，即解释器映像的头部。我们以Hello World程序为例，看一下这段中具体的内容：*/
+            retval = kernel_read(interpreter, 0,
+                         (void *)&loc->interp_elf_ex,
+                         sizeof(loc->interp_elf_ex));
+            if (retval != sizeof(loc->interp_elf_ex)) {
+                if (retval >= 0)
+                    retval = -EIO;
+                goto out_free_dentry;
+            }
+
+            break;
+        }
+        elf_ppnt++;
+    }
+
+     /*  f=========================*/
+
+    elf_ppnt = elf_phdata;
+    for (i = 0; i < loc->elf_ex.e_phnum; i++, elf_ppnt++)
+        switch (elf_ppnt->p_type) {
+        case PT_GNU_STACK:
+            if (elf_ppnt->p_flags & PF_X)
+                executable_stack = EXSTACK_ENABLE_X;
+            else
+                executable_stack = EXSTACK_DISABLE_X;
+            break;
+
+        case PT_LOPROC ... PT_HIPROC:
+            retval = arch_elf_pt_proc(&loc->elf_ex, elf_ppnt,
+                          bprm->file, false,
+                          &arch_state);
+            if (retval)
+                goto out_free_dentry;
+            break;
+        }
+
+    /* Some simple consistency checks for the interpreter */
+    if (elf_interpreter) {
+        retval = -ELIBBAD;
+        /* Not an ELF interpreter */
+        if (memcmp(loc->interp_elf_ex.e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG) != 0)
+            goto out_free_dentry;
+        /* Verify the interpreter has a valid arch */
+        if (!elf_check_arch(&loc->interp_elf_ex))
+            goto out_free_dentry;
+
+        /* Load the interpreter program headers
+           读入解释器的程序头
+         */
+        interp_elf_phdata = load_elf_phdrs(&loc->interp_elf_ex,
+                           interpreter);
+        if (!interp_elf_phdata)
+            goto out_free_dentry;
+
+        /* Pass PT_LOPROC..PT_HIPROC headers to arch code */
+        elf_ppnt = interp_elf_phdata;
+        for (i = 0; i < loc->interp_elf_ex.e_phnum; i++, elf_ppnt++)
+            switch (elf_ppnt->p_type) {
+            case PT_LOPROC ... PT_HIPROC:
+                retval = arch_elf_pt_proc(&loc->interp_elf_ex,
+                              elf_ppnt, interpreter,
+                              true, &arch_state);
+                if (retval)
+                    goto out_free_dentry;
+                break;
+            }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Allow arch code to reject the ELF at this point, whilst it's
+     * still possible to return an error to the code that invoked
+     * the exec syscall.
+     */
+    retval = arch_check_elf(&loc->elf_ex,
+                !!interpreter, &loc->interp_elf_ex,
+                &arch_state);
+    if (retval)
+        goto out_free_dentry;
+
+    /* Flush all traces of the currently running executable */
+    retval = flush_old_exec(bprm);
+    if (retval)
+        goto out_free_dentry;
+
+    /* Do this immediately, since STACK_TOP as used in setup_arg_pages
+       may depend on the personality.  */
+    SET_PERSONALITY2(loc->elf_ex, &arch_state);
+    if (elf_read_implies_exec(loc->elf_ex, executable_stack))
+        current->personality |= READ_IMPLIES_EXEC;
+
+    if (!(current->personality & ADDR_NO_RANDOMIZE) && randomize_va_space)
+        current->flags |= PF_RANDOMIZE;
+
+    setup_new_exec(bprm);
+
+    /* Do this so that we can load the interpreter, if need be.  We will
+       change some of these later */
+    retval = setup_arg_pages(bprm, randomize_stack_top(STACK_TOP),
+                 executable_stack);
+    if (retval < 0)
+        goto out_free_dentry;
+    
+    current->mm->start_stack = bprm->p;
+
+    /* Now we do a little grungy work by mmapping the ELF image into
+       the correct location in memory.
+       这段代码从目标映像的程序头中搜索类型为PT_LOAD的段（Segment）。在二进制映像中，只有类型为PT_LOAD的段才是需要装入的。当然在装入之前，需要确定装入的地址，只要考虑的就是页面对齐，还有该段的p_vaddr域的值（上面省略这部分内容）。确定了装入地址后，就通过elf_map()建立用户空间虚拟地址空间与目标映像文件中某个连续区间之间的映射，其返回值就是实际映射的起始地址。
+    */
+    for(i = 0, elf_ppnt = elf_phdata;
+        i < loc->elf_ex.e_phnum; i++, elf_ppnt++) {
+        int elf_prot = 0, elf_flags;
+        unsigned long k, vaddr;
+        unsigned long total_size = 0;
+
+        if (elf_ppnt->p_type != PT_LOAD)
+            continue;
+
+        if (unlikely (elf_brk > elf_bss)) {
+            unsigned long nbyte;
+            
+            /* There was a PT_LOAD segment with p_memsz > p_filesz
+               before this one. Map anonymous pages, if needed,
+               and clear the area.  */
+            retval = set_brk(elf_bss + load_bias,
+                     elf_brk + load_bias);
+            if (retval)
+                goto out_free_dentry;
+            nbyte = ELF_PAGEOFFSET(elf_bss);
+            if (nbyte) {
+                nbyte = ELF_MIN_ALIGN - nbyte;
+                if (nbyte > elf_brk - elf_bss)
+                    nbyte = elf_brk - elf_bss;
+                if (clear_user((void __user *)elf_bss +
+                            load_bias, nbyte)) {
+                    /*
+                     * This bss-zeroing can fail if the ELF
+                     * file specifies odd protections. So
+                     * we don't check the return value
+                     */
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (elf_ppnt->p_flags & PF_R)
+            elf_prot |= PROT_READ;
+        if (elf_ppnt->p_flags & PF_W)
+            elf_prot |= PROT_WRITE;
+        if (elf_ppnt->p_flags & PF_X)
+            elf_prot |= PROT_EXEC;
+
+        elf_flags = MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_DENYWRITE | MAP_EXECUTABLE;
+
+        vaddr = elf_ppnt->p_vaddr;
+        if (loc->elf_ex.e_type == ET_EXEC || load_addr_set) {
+            elf_flags |= MAP_FIXED;
+        } else if (loc->elf_ex.e_type == ET_DYN) {
+            /* Try and get dynamic programs out of the way of the
+             * default mmap base, as well as whatever program they
+             * might try to exec.  This is because the brk will
+             * follow the loader, and is not movable.  */
+            load_bias = ELF_ET_DYN_BASE - vaddr;
+            if (current->flags & PF_RANDOMIZE)
+                load_bias += arch_mmap_rnd();
+            load_bias = ELF_PAGESTART(load_bias);
+            total_size = total_mapping_size(elf_phdata,
+                            loc->elf_ex.e_phnum);
+            if (!total_size) {
+                retval = -EINVAL;
+                goto out_free_dentry;
+            }
+        }
+
+        error = elf_map(bprm->file, load_bias + vaddr, elf_ppnt,
+                elf_prot, elf_flags, total_size);
+        if (BAD_ADDR(error)) {
+            retval = IS_ERR((void *)error) ?
+                PTR_ERR((void*)error) : -EINVAL;
+            goto out_free_dentry;
+        }
+
+        if (!load_addr_set) {
+            load_addr_set = 1;
+            load_addr = (elf_ppnt->p_vaddr - elf_ppnt->p_offset);
+            if (loc->elf_ex.e_type == ET_DYN) {
+                load_bias += error -
+                         ELF_PAGESTART(load_bias + vaddr);
+                load_addr += load_bias;
+                reloc_func_desc = load_bias;
+            }
+        }
+        k = elf_ppnt->p_vaddr;
+        if (k < start_code)
+            start_code = k;
+        if (start_data < k)
+            start_data = k;
+
+        /*
+         * Check to see if the section's size will overflow the
+         * allowed task size. Note that p_filesz must always be
+         * <= p_memsz so it is only necessary to check p_memsz.
+         */
+        if (BAD_ADDR(k) || elf_ppnt->p_filesz > elf_ppnt->p_memsz ||
+            elf_ppnt->p_memsz > TASK_SIZE ||
+            TASK_SIZE - elf_ppnt->p_memsz < k) {
+            /* set_brk can never work. Avoid overflows. */
+            retval = -EINVAL;
+            goto out_free_dentry;
+        }
+
+        k = elf_ppnt->p_vaddr + elf_ppnt->p_filesz;
+
+        if (k > elf_bss)
+            elf_bss = k;
+        if ((elf_ppnt->p_flags & PF_X) && end_code < k)
+            end_code = k;
+        if (end_data < k)
+            end_data = k;
+        k = elf_ppnt->p_vaddr + elf_ppnt->p_memsz;
+        if (k > elf_brk)
+            elf_brk = k;
+    }
+
+    loc->elf_ex.e_entry += load_bias;
+    elf_bss += load_bias;
+    elf_brk += load_bias;
+    start_code += load_bias;
+    end_code += load_bias;
+    start_data += load_bias;
+    end_data += load_bias;
+
+    /* Calling set_brk effectively mmaps the pages that we need
+     * for the bss and break sections.  We must do this before
+     * mapping in the interpreter, to make sure it doesn't wind
+     * up getting placed where the bss needs to go.
+     */
+    retval = set_brk(elf_bss, elf_brk);
+    if (retval)
+        goto out_free_dentry;
+    if (likely(elf_bss != elf_brk) && unlikely(padzero(elf_bss))) {
+        retval = -EFAULT; /* Nobody gets to see this, but.. */
+        goto out_free_dentry;
+    }
+    /*
+     这段程序的逻辑非常简单：如果需要装入解释器，就通过load_elf_interp装入其映像, 并把将来进入用户空间的入口地址设置成load_elf_interp()的返回值，即解释器映像的入口地址。而若不装入解释器，那么这个入口地址就是目标映像本身的入口地址。
+     */
+    if (elf_interpreter) {
+        unsigned long interp_map_addr = 0;
+
+        elf_entry = load_elf_interp(&loc->interp_elf_ex,
+                        interpreter,
+                        &interp_map_addr,
+                        load_bias, interp_elf_phdata);
+        if (!IS_ERR((void *)elf_entry)) {
+            /*
+             * load_elf_interp() returns relocation
+             * adjustment
+             */
+            interp_load_addr = elf_entry;
+            elf_entry += loc->interp_elf_ex.e_entry;
+        }
+        if (BAD_ADDR(elf_entry)) {
+            retval = IS_ERR((void *)elf_entry) ?
+                    (int)elf_entry : -EINVAL;
+            goto out_free_dentry;
+        }
+        reloc_func_desc = interp_load_addr;
+
+        allow_write_access(interpreter);
+        fput(interpreter);
+        kfree(elf_interpreter);
+    } else {
+        elf_entry = loc->elf_ex.e_entry;
+        if (BAD_ADDR(elf_entry)) {
+            retval = -EINVAL;
+            goto out_free_dentry;
+        }
+    }
+
+    kfree(interp_elf_phdata);
+    kfree(elf_phdata);
+
+    set_binfmt(&elf_format);
+
+#ifdef ARCH_HAS_SETUP_ADDITIONAL_PAGES
+    retval = arch_setup_additional_pages(bprm, !!elf_interpreter);
+    if (retval < 0)
+        goto out;
+#endif /* ARCH_HAS_SETUP_ADDITIONAL_PAGES */
+
+    /*   在完成装入，启动用户空间的映像运行之前，还需要为目标映像和解释器准备好一些有关的信息，这些信息包括常规的argc、envc等等，还有一些“辅助向量（Auxiliary Vector）”。这些信息需要复制到用户空间，使它们在CPU进入解释器或目标映像的程序入口时出现在用户空间堆栈上。这里的create_elf_tables()就起着这个作用。
+    */
+    install_exec_creds(bprm);
+    retval = create_elf_tables(bprm, &loc->elf_ex,
+              load_addr, interp_load_addr);
+    if (retval < 0)
+        goto out;
+    /* N.B. passed_fileno might not be initialized? */
+    current->mm->end_code = end_code;
+    current->mm->start_code = start_code;
+    current->mm->start_data = start_data;
+    current->mm->end_data = end_data;
+    current->mm->start_stack = bprm->p;
+
+    if ((current->flags & PF_RANDOMIZE) && (randomize_va_space > 1)) {
+        current->mm->brk = current->mm->start_brk =
+            arch_randomize_brk(current->mm);
+#ifdef compat_brk_randomized
+        current->brk_randomized = 1;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (current->personality & MMAP_PAGE_ZERO) {
+        /* Why this, you ask???  Well SVr4 maps page 0 as read-only,
+           and some applications "depend" upon this behavior.
+           Since we do not have the power to recompile these, we
+           emulate the SVr4 behavior. Sigh. */
+        error = vm_mmap(NULL, 0, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC,
+                MAP_FIXED | MAP_PRIVATE, 0);
+    }
+
+#ifdef ELF_PLAT_INIT
+    /*
+     * The ABI may specify that certain registers be set up in special
+     * ways (on i386 %edx is the address of a DT_FINI function, for
+     * example.  In addition, it may also specify (eg, PowerPC64 ELF)
+     * that the e_entry field is the address of the function descriptor
+     * for the startup routine, rather than the address of the startup
+     * routine itself.  This macro performs whatever initialization to
+     * the regs structure is required as well as any relocations to the
+     * function descriptor entries when executing dynamically links apps.
+     */
+    ELF_PLAT_INIT(regs, reloc_func_desc);
+#endif
+    /*  
+    最后，start_thread()这个宏操作会将eip和esp改成新的地址，就使得CPU在返回用户空间时就进入新的程序入口。如果存在解释器映像，那么这就是解释器映像的程序入口，否则就是目标映像的程序入口。那么什么情况下有解释器映像存在，什么情况下没有呢？如果目标映像与各种库的链接是静态链接，因而无需依靠共享库、即动态链接库，那就不需要解释器映像；否则就一定要有解释器映像存在。
+       以我们的Hello World为例，gcc在编译时，除非显示的使用static标签，否则所有程序的链接都是动态链接的，也就是说需要解释器。由此可见，我们的Hello World程序在被内核加载到内存，内核跳到用户空间后并不是执行Hello World的，而是先把控制权交到用户空间的解释器，由解释器加载运行用户程序所需要的动态库（Hello World需要libc），然后控制权才会转移到用户程序。
+       */
+    start_thread(regs, elf_entry, bprm->p);
+    retval = 0;
+out:
+    kfree(loc);
+out_ret:
+    return retval;
+
+    /* error cleanup */
+out_free_dentry:
+    kfree(interp_elf_phdata);
+    allow_write_access(interpreter);
+    if (interpreter)
+        fput(interpreter);
+out_free_interp:
+    kfree(elf_interpreter);
+out_free_ph:
+    kfree(elf_phdata);
+    goto out;
+}
\ No newline at end of file